ITK/Gerrit/Primer

This primer is to aid the ITK developer community in using Gerrit. Some of the idiosyncrasies of Gerrit take a little work to understand and appreciate, especially if one is new to using the git distributed revision control system.

Gerrit basics

Gerrit is designed to take a single change with a change log and make it publicly available for comments and revisions. Once the change has been sufficiently reviewed and approved, it will be pushed into the official ITK repository. Gerrit addresses the problem of many changes scattered about many git repositories by bringing them into a central place and allowing commenting and changes to become transparent to the rest of the community.

Creating a Gerrit account

In order to register you need to get an OpenID. Be aware that a GMail account automatically gives you an OpenID.

To register with Gerrit, first have your OpenID ready. Then visit http://review.source.kitware.com/. Click the "Register" link in the upper left. If you have a Google or Yahoo account, click on the "Register with a Google account". This will create your account. Otherwise, enter the URL of an OpenID provider.

Terminology

• commit To git, a commit is a group of changes to a repository. git uses a unique hash algorithm to identify a change (SHA1).
• Change-ID Gerrit uses an internal tracking Id to properly refer to a change. Change-Ids let Gerrit link it's changes to a commit in the git repository.
• Change number The Gerrit change number is a small number used to identify the commit when pushing to Gerrit.
• repo An abbreviated form of git repository. May refer to a local repository or a remote repository.

Prerequisites

This primer requires a very basic understanding of git. The reader should begin by understanding:

1. Normal git workflow
2. Basic branching

git should be properly setup on your system, and you should identify yourself by name and email:

git config --global user.name "Your name goes here"
git config --global user.email "myemailaddress@nowhere.com"

This will help us track you down when things break.

If you are frequently contributing to ITK through Gerrit, please set this configuration:

git config hooks.GerritId true

This setting can be done once globally (--global flag), or on a repo by repo case (the default). This setting automatically adds the Change-Id to any commits which greatly simplifies submission of subsequent revisions or commits.

Helpful settings

Emacs users: if you put this line in your .emacs file:

(setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("COMMIT_EDITMSG$" . auto-fill-mode) auto-mode-alist))

Git will automatically wrap your commit messages, which is what good git etiquette requires.

Bash users: git comes with a set of completion options that are very useful. The location of the file varies depending on your system:

 source /opt/local/share/doc/git-core/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash  # Mac with git installed by Mac Ports
 source /usr/share/bash-completion/git       # Linux

More tips and tricks can be found here.

git / Gerrit workflow

For the sake of this primer, we'll be making a series of small documentation changes to ITK code. The basic workflow from the developer's standpoint is:

• Clone the ITK official repository
• Create a topic branch
• Edit, commit, edit, commit, ad infinitum
• Compress your branch into a single commit
• Push your changes into Gerrit
• Review
• Stage changes into the ITK official repository
• Pull new changes from ITK repository

These steps will be detailed in the next sections.

Clone the ITK official repository

The instructions for cloning the official repository are here. For the minimalist:

git clone git://itk.org/ITK.git
cd ITK

Create a topic branch

git works well to create "micro-branches". Frequently, branches are considered poor practice in centralized revision control systems such as CVS and Subversion. However, in git branches are typically very easy to work with and manipulate. They are required for working with Gerrit, so get used to them.

We'll call our branch GerritPrimer. The branch may be created it two steps:

git branch GerritPrimer    # Create a new branch from our existing revision
git checkout GerritPrimer  # Switch our working directory into the GerritPrimer branch

or you can do this all at once:

git checkout -b GerritPrimer   # Create GerritPrimer and switch the working directory into that revision

When we are finished, our revision history looks like this:

Notice that GerritPrimer, master, origin/HEAD and origin/master branches all point to the same commit. You can think of branches is movable labels that point to a particular commit in the revision history. As we add code and commit our changes, we'll see GerritPrimer move.

Edit, test, commit, edit, test, commit, ad infinitum

Next, we'll edit some files and commit the changes. In this primer, we'll make 3 changes.

Edit ITK/Code/BasicFilters/itkRecursiveGaussianImageFilter.h
add " * \see DiscreteGaussianImageFilter" on line 54

Run the tests:

 ctest

When all passes, we ask git to show us what's happening with our modifications:

revelation:ITK(GerritPrimer) blezek$ git status
# On branch GerritPrimer
# Changed but not updated:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#	modified:   Code/BasicFilters/itkRecursiveGaussianImageFilter.h
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

git has the concept of an index, or an area where changes are stored before they are committed. In the listing above, git knows that Code/BasicFilters/itkRecursiveGaussianImageFilter.h is changed, but it has not yet staged that change into the index. To tell git that we want to add this change into the next commit, and make the commit we can do this in two steps:

git add Code/BasicFilters/itkRecursiveGaussianImageFilter.h   # Add the modified code into the index
git commit                                                    # commit all modifications

or in one step:

git commit -a     # Auto-add all modified files into the index, then commit all modifications

After two more commits, our repository looks like this:

From where we made the branch (master, origin/HEAD, origin/master), we have three commits. Notice that the GerritPrimer tag has moved along with our commits.

Compress your branch into a single commit

Gerrit expects only a single commit. If we were to push our branch to Gerrit, it would show up as 3 independent commits for commenting / approvals. Sometimes this is exactly what we want. We would like others to review our changes in three steps. At other times, we want a series of "micro-commits" to be combined into one larger body. Please take some time to consider how many commits you would like in Gerrit! We need to collapse our three commits into a single commit. This is easily accomplished using the git rebase command. What we are going to ask git to do is create one commit from the three that we currently have. The command is:

git rebase -i HEAD~3

The -i flag instructs rebase to do this interactively, and "HEAD~3" tells git to collapse the last three commits. We can also use:

 git rebase -i master

because right now, master and HEAD~3 point to the same commit. We can also use the SHA1 of that particular commit.

When we run the command we get this:

pick 1e01adb Added documentation.
pick b465a05 Documentation changes.
pick 7d7f3c1 Documentation changes.

# Rebase 43b5f37..7d7f3c1 onto 43b5f37
#
# Commands:
#  p, pick = use commit
#  r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
#  e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
#  s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
#  f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
#
# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
#

We see three lines at the top which contain the first lines from our three commits. We need to change this commit message to tell git rebase what we want to do. What we would like to do is pick the first commit, and squash the other two. The end result will be a single commit. The file looks like this when we are done:

pick 1e01adb Added documentation.
squash b465a05 Documentation changes.
squash 7d7f3c1 Documentation changes.
...

git processes what we've done and puts us back into editing the commit message:

# This is a combination of 3 commits.
# The first commit's message is:
Added documentation.

Added \sa tag to reference DiscreteGaussianImageFilter.

# This is the 2nd commit message:

Documentation changes.

Added \sa tag to reference RecursiveGaussianImageFilter.

# This is the 3rd commit message:

Documentation changes.

Added \sa tag to reference Recursive and Discrete GaussianImageFilters.

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
# Not currently on any branch.
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#       modified:   Code/BasicFilters/itkBilateralImageFilter.h
#       modified:   Code/BasicFilters/itkDiscreteGaussianImageFilter.h
#       modified:   Code/BasicFilters/itkRecursiveGaussianImageFilter.h
#

git has compressed the three commits into one, combining the commit messages and the changes to the code. In the original commits, we only modified one file at a time, but in this new commit, three files are modified. Rewriting the commit message to make it look like one big commit gives:

# This is a combination of 3 commits.
# The first commit's message is:
Added documentation.

Added \sa tag in itkRecursiveGaussianImageFilter to reference
DiscreteGaussianImageFilter. Added \sa tag in itkDiscreteGaussianImageFilter.h to
reference RecursiveGaussianImageFilter. Added \sa tag to reference Recursive and
Discrete GaussianImageFilters in itkBilateralImageFilter.h.
...

Now we have a look at our commit history:

So our three commits now look like one. git removed the three commits through the rebase command. Remember that these commits only exist in your local clone of the ITK repository. Next step is to push them into Gerrit.

Push your changes into Gerrit

First, we need to tell git about the Gerrit server:

git remote add gerrit USERNAME@review.source.kitware.com:ITK

(be sure to change USERNAME to your username on the Gerrit server) This does nothing more than create an alias called gerrit that can be used for pushing and pulling changes.

Gerrit needs to know where we intend the code to go, so we'll push our particular commit to a particular place in Gerrit. The git push command takes three arguments, a destination repository, a local commit and a remote location.

git push gerrit GerritPrimer:refs/for/master/GerritPrimer

gerrit is the destination repository, GerritPrimer is our local commit, and refs/for/master/GerritPrimer is the remote commit name. We can call the remote commit anything we like, e.g. refs/for/master/foo_bar_garf, but it is sensible to make a useful name.

revelation:ITK(GerritPrimer) blezek$  git push gerrit GerritPrimer:refs/for/master/GerritPrimer
Counting objects: 11, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (7/7), done.
Writing objects: 100% (7/7), 5.88 KiB, done.
Total 7 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: (W) f62f37: commit message lines >70 characters; manually wrap lines
remote: 
remote: New Changes:
remote:   http://review.source.kitware.com/75
remote: 
To blezek@review.source.kitware.com:ITK
 * [new branch]      GerritPrimer -> refs/for/master/GerritPrimer
revelation:ITK(GerritPrimer) blezek$ 

Gerrit has told us that there is a new branch created called GerritPrimer and we can take a look at http://review.source.kitware.com/75. (Looks like we should have wrapped the lines better...)

Review

What follows is a simplified overview of the review process. More in-depth information can be found here. Our change is now available on the Gerrit site:

Clicking on the link takes us to the page describing the change (http://review.source.kitware.com/75). Here we can invite reviewers to look through the code, comment on the changes, etc...

Our basic workflow would be to invite a few reviewers through the Gerrit site. They will be notified via email and asked to comment on the code. Reviewers can pull your changes locally, build and test. For a change to be pushed into the official repository, it must be reviewed and verified. The original author is not allowed to vote on commit.

The review screen looks like this (on a different commit from our primer example):

In this case, I have reviewed the changes, and marked them as Verified (+1), and Approved (+2). Generally, developers with write access can grant a +2 in the review, while others can only mark +1. A commit takes a score of 2 or more to be approved in the code review box.

Making Changes in Uploaded Patches

The original page is available here.

If your change requires revision before it is accepted, you will first need to correct the commit in the topic branch, and then find the change number (in the Gerrit URL for the commit), and the change-id in Gerrit to upload the revised patch. The change-id can be automatically added to your commits, or you can manually add it after the fact.

Assume that you are working on gerrit issue #98, and you've made two local commits. First step is to 'squash' the commits into one, start with an interactive rebase. Refer to the figure above to be sure you have the correct change number. The change number is a monoatomically increasing integer internal to gerrit that uniquely identifies the code and comments associated with your changes. The change ID, in contrast, is a SHA1 hash of your changes. To push a new commit for a given change number, you will need to reference the change number. NB: the gerrit hooks should help ease this.

$ git rebase -i HEAD~2

Two commits should appear with the word 'pick'. You actually need to remove the word pick and replace with 'squash', which can simply be 's':

pick 641cd36 Add space
s aq98139 Remove space

Click 'save' from your favorite editor. This will squash the two patches together, and create a new hash for the newly created patchset. The output should then read something like:

[my_branch_name 1f58239] Remove space
 1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)

Then simply push this newly created patchset (by name 1f58239) to the gerrit "changes" section associating it with the gerrit assigned change number (NOTE: THIS IS NOT THE CHANGE ID!). The push has the form:

git push gerrit [new updated commit hash]:refs/changes/[change number]

In our example, it looks like this:

$ git push gerrit 1f58239:refs/changes/98

These steps assumed you were working on a branch. And you had your gerrit hook setup.

Stage changes into the ITK official repository

Once the code has been reviewed, it is now time to migrate the changes into the ITK repository. This topic is covered in detail elsewhere. Only a developer with commit access to ITK can perform this step.

The steps required to stage and push into ITK include pushing your local changes into the ITK staging area. Then issuing a command over SSH to instruct the ITK robot to merge the changes. Assuming you have your remote ITK git checkout configured correctly:

git push stage HEAD              # Push your current work into the staging area for ITK
ssh git@itk.org stage ITK print  # Print the list of staged changes
ssh git@itk.org stage ITK merge topic-name  # Merge your topic into the ITK main.

Pull new changes from ITK repository

Once changes have been pushed to the official repository, you must pull them back into your local clone:

git pull

Conclusion

Hopefully this primer has been useful to distill some experiences using Gerrit and git into a central location. Gerrit and git are a potent combination, but require a little knowledge and know-how to be used effectively.